WORLD BANK: Nigeria Overview.
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| DR. JONATHAN. |
With a population of about 160 million people, Nigeria is the largest country in Africa and accounts for 47% of West Africa’s population. It is also th.e biggest oil exporter in Africa, with the largest natural gas reserves in the continent. With these large reserves of human and natural resources, the country is poised to build a prosperous economy, significantly reduce poverty, and provide health, education and infrastructure services to meet its population needs.
Since 1999, Nigeria embarked on an ambitious reform agenda. The most far reaching of those was to base the budget on a conservative reference price for oil, with excess saved in a special, Excess Crude Account (ECA). The economy responded with strong growth between 2003 and 2010 – averaging 7.6%. Nigeria was among the first countries to adopt and implement the Extractive Industries Transparency InitiativeBANK (EITI) to improve governance and oil sector. The NEITI Act was passed into law in 2007, and the country became EITI compliant in 2011.
The power sector reform initiative was launched in 2005, recognizing that improving power sector performance is critical to address development challenges. The challenging process of implementing reforms was revitalized in August 2010 through the 2010 Roadmap, which clearly outlines the government’s strategy and actions to undertake comprehensive power sector reform to expand supply, open the door to private investment and address some the chronic sector issues hampering improvement of service delivery.
Weaknesses in the oil sector have increased macroeconomic risks. Oil accounts for close to 90% of exports and roughly 75% of consolidated budgetary revenues. The decline in oil output, together with somewhat weaker oil prices, can be associated with a weakening of the balance of payments and shortfalls of budgetary revenues. The balance of payments surplus registered from October 2011 to April 2013 has disappeared; official foreign reserves declined slightly from almost $49 billion in end-April 2013 to $46 billion on September 19, 2013. There is also the issue of short term portfolio capital inflows that reportedly reached more than $17 billion in 2012. These inflows have been targeting primarily the government bond market, with interest rates at 12-14% and a rather stable exchange rate relative to the US dollar. These short term capital flows have added another potential source of volatility to the country's macroeconomic situation. On the positive side, Nigeria still has significant room to borrow to meet possible macroeconomic challenges. In light of the recent Paris Club restructuring, foreign debt is now only 3% of gross domestic product (GDP) while domestic debt is 16% of GDP.
Declining oil revenues have placed increasing pressures on government budgets. As of the second half of the year, total federation revenues available for sharing by the three tiers of government fell short of projections by 21%. The balance of the fiscal reserve of the country (Excess Crude Account) declined from over $9 billion in early 2013 to $5 billion by mid-year. The implementation of the capital budget has been adversely affected as only a little over half of the federal capital budget has been made available to line ministries as of the end of September for the implementation of investment projects. Early indications from the 2014-2016 Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) point towards a significant fiscal contraction in 2014 although the MTEF is still under consideration by the National Assembly. However, the forthcoming presidential elections would also make compressing budgetary expenditures quite difficult in 2014.
Despite the increased macroeconomic risks, projections for the second half of the year are cautiously optimistic. Most importantly, preliminary indications are that oil production is picking up somewhat in the second half of the year. If oil prices also remain generally strong, this could relieve the short term pressures described about and strengthen the confidence of investors. Prudent macroeconomic policy has finally brought inflation down to single digit levels. Structural reforms in power and agriculture appear to be paying at least some dividends, even if their main potential impact of these measures will be in the longer term. The pre-election environment will pose some particular challenges for sustaining reforms and notably, prudent fiscal policy. During the previous run-up to the 2011 elections, a major fiscal expansion almost destabilized the economy. Growth continued to be broad based, oriented primarily toward the domestic market, and driven by strong performance of the agricultural, trade, telecommunications, and manufacturing sectors. However, strong economic growth has not translated into higher employment rates. Employment remains the major issue with an estimated 50 million underemployed youth. The government has expressed determination to make job creation central to its economic strategy and has specifically targeted the information communication technology (ICT), entertainment, meat, leather, construction and tourism industries.
Political context
Nigeria’s population is made up of about 200 ethnic groups, 500 indigenous languages, and two major religions ― Islam and Christianity. The largest ethnic groups are the Hausa-Fulani in the North, the Igbo in the Southeast, and the Yoruba in the Southwest. The fragmentation of Nigeria’s geographical, ethnic and cultural identity lines is effectively balanced by the country’s federal structure and the strong emphasis of the federal government on representing six geopolitical zones and different ethnic and cultural identities. Though Nigeria’s socio-political environment is fairly stable, there are pockets of instability in some parts of the country.
The fifth consecutive national elections will take place in April 2015, further consolidating democratic rule which began in 1999. The fourth elections held in 2011 signified substantial progress in electoral and democratic development, and were characterized by observers as freest and fairest in the country's election history. There have been, however, unrelated incidents of violence before and after the elections, calling for resolute actions in bringing sectarian strife under control and signaling the need to make more rapid progress on social inclusion, especially youth employment.
Internationally, Nigeria continues to be a leading player in the African Union, the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), and in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).
Development Challenges
Despite a strong economic track record, poverty is significant, and reducing it will require strong non-oil growth and a focus on human development. Constraints to growth, such as the investment climate; infrastructure, incentives and policies affecting agricultural productivity as well as quality, and relevance of tertiary education have been identified. In spite of successful initiatives in human development, Nigeria may not be on track for meeting most of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Underpinning these challenges is the core issue of governance, in particular, at the state level. Fiscal decentralization provides 36 states and 774 local governments considerable policy autonomy, control of 50% of government revenues, and responsibility for delivery of public services. Capacity is weak in most states, and improving governance will be a long term process.
Last Updated: Oct 01, 2014
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